A map to the next world

Joy Harjo’s poems are filled with so many images and passages that let’s one ponder and think about the complexity of the work.   She is able to balance contemporary American life and ancient tribal truths magnificently.She is able to brilliantly attach the reader to the character.   In â€Å"A Map to the Next World†, one knows that the poem is most probably addressed to a younger member of her family, a young daughter, or a grand daughter, in fact.   But one feels that Harjo is personally talking to you – we are put in the shoes of a member of a kin.In this poem (A Map to the Next World) one can see how the idea of survival is central to the individual and the Native Americans as a people.   And the way she addresses this survival is by emphasizing the importance of memory (a very central theme in Native American culture) – how one should not forget one’s heritage.And she writes:   â€Å"Keep track of the errors of our forgetfulne ss; a fog steals our children while we sleep†.   She asks her readers to remember their heritage and find solace in it – to â€Å"Remember the hole of our shame marking the act of abandoning our tribal grounds†.The poem promotes an awareness and understanding of the strength of memory – a latch on the value on the powers of memory that all Native American cultures have. Moreover, one can see how survival and continuance are very strong bases for this poem.According to Harjo, in this world, one can easily forget about one’s heritage.   â€Å"What I am telling you is real, and is printed in a warning on the map.   Our forgetfulness stalks us, walks the earth behind us, leaving a trail of paper diapers, needles and wasted blood.†Ã‚   Harjo emphasizes the function of courage in the entire scheme of things, for keeping one’s spirit honest and vital.There seems to be a sense of loss of land, love, innocence and heritage that escalates within.   She discusses the importance of courage by alluding to many Native American spiritual tremors – â€Å"The place of entry is the sea of your mother’s blood, your father’s small death as he longs to know himself in another.†Ã‚   There has to be an understanding of the past for one to be able to move forward.This discipline is central to many Native American cultures.   In this case, Harjo alludes to her mother’s heritage (her blood), and how her father was lost in a sea of identities.â€Å"There is no exit.†, she says.   One must have courage to survive.   One must have courage to go on.   One must have courage to be as tenacious as to venture out alone – to be able to trust oneself.   â€Å"The map can be interpreted through the wall of the intestine – a spiral on the road of nowledge.†Coursing through survival and courage, Harjo moves in out of the realms of dream and reality.   She focuses on bot h hope and despair, and survival and extinction at the same time.   By showcasing these diverse strands of life, she is able to bring a harmonious balanced experience to the reader in the context of cultural allusions.â€Å"You will travel through the membrane of death, smell cooking from the encampment where our relatives make a fest of fresh deer meat and corn soup, in the Milky Way.†Ã‚   In this passage, she focuses on the point that to survive this world, one must not forget.   To go through life and remember, one must travel the way our forefathers did.â€Å"Through the membrane of death† reminds one of the cultural belief in reincarnation – that through dying, one is born.   â€Å"Encampment   †¦ fresh deer meat† both paint the picture of a Native American village dinner – together around a fire, feasting on the day’s hunt.This melding of dream visions, memories, myths and history promotes a centeredness in deep reverence for the natural world (a very Native American ideology), where one should find solace in one’s own heritage and mythology.   But Harjo does not necessarily talk about her own heritage (Cherokee) alone, but includes other Native American tribal traditions.There are snippets of other traditions which she brings in as a way to universalize experiences.   In a way, she is striving to resolve polarities to bring the world into a balance through the awareness of the unspoken superiority one feels as a bearer of ancient culture.   All one has to do is remember – â€Å"They have never left us; we abandoned them for science†.

Effective Employee Selection and Its Importance Essay

One of the most important decisions comes when having to select an employee to fill a job vacancy. In the current labor market, highly qualified applicants are scarce and, among the existent ones, it is hard to spot the ideal candidate. Sometimes it is so urgent that a position be filled, that a person may win the job by default, or sloppy selection criteria may be applied. A â€Å"quick fix† may ease workload for a while, but it might prove lethal for the business viability itself in the long run. Therefore, a larger attention in the selection process can provide the business with employees who will finally produce the desired results. The analysis of the employee selection process is a fairly new practice. During the 70’s, any systematic attempt to sort out skills was often unpopular (Lee, 50). This began to change during the 80’s and into the 90’s, when an estimated 80% to 90% of companies used pre-employment testing (Brindow and Spencer, 80). As Chris Lee states, â€Å"we are returning to a focus on individual competence [†¦] objective standards are coming back in both education and employment† (Lee, 49). Another survey by researchers Randall, Cooke and Smith established that 95% of employers who tried testing for screening sales candidates were still using it (Randall, 53). All the data shows the inclination of the modern businesses to highly stress on everything that will maximize the effectiveness of employee selection and, consequently, employee performance. Processing an applicant for a job normally entails a series of steps, which are determined by the size of the organization, the types of jobs to be filled or the number of people to be hired. The selection stage should be backed up by an effective recruitment process, which greatly depends on job analysis and job description. Job analysis is â€Å"a process to identify and determine in detail the particular job duties and requirements and the relative importance of these duties for a given job. Job Analysis is a process where judgements are made about data collected on a job† (HR – Guide). Its purpose is to establish and document the â€Å"job relatedness† of employment procedures such as recruitment, selection, training, compensation and performance appraisal through its product, the job description. During the selection process, the job description is used in creating an accurate  advertisement for the job and attracts the proper candidates, that is, the persons that most probably will fit for the specific job. A realistic job preview, based on an accurate job description and specification (the qualifications demanded for the job), will help applicants understand what the job entails and make more informed decisions as to whether they want to apply for the job or not. According to Gregorio Billicopf of the University of California, â€Å"selected applicants who understand both the positive and negative sides of a job, are most likely to stay and succeed†. (Billicopf, 18). After the recruitment process has been concluded and the applicants have sent their resumes, the first step of the selection process should take place; screening the resumes. CV’s provide basic information for use in the next step of the selection process and are used to screen out the unqualified applicants. For instance, if the position requires the ability to use a word processor, the resume provides a clear picture whether the person owns this ability or not. Resume screening is a standard procedure in most organizations during the selection process, despite their size, activity or culture. After the resume screen – out, the remaining applicants will be invited for an interview, which is the most important step in the selection process. It supplements information obtained in other steps in the process to determine the suitability of an applicant for a specific opening. Organizations use several types of interviews. The structured interview is conducted using a predetermined outline that is based on the pre-mentioned job analysis, while unstructured interviews are not based on any outline, and use open – ended questions. The structured interviews should be preferred over the unstructured ones, as the former helps the interviewer maintain control of the interview that all pertinent information on the applicant is covered systematically by also providing the same type of information on all interviewees. On the other hand, unstructured interviews may provide a more relaxed atmosphere, but they â€Å"lack of systematic coverage of information and are very susceptible to the personal biases of the interviewer† (Byars & Rue, 141). Organizations use three additional types of interviewing  techniques to a limited extent; the stress interview, which puts the applicant under pressure while the interviewer adopts a hostile attitude toward the interviewee in order to detect who is highly emotional and who is not, the board or panel interview, in which two or more people conduct an interview with one applicant, and the group interview in which several applicants are questioned together. A successful interview requires training in the skills, techniques and requirements of successful interviewing. All these will include an effective preparation for the interview, such as scheduling a time and location for it, review of all paperwork of the applicant and the current position description and specification and making a list of interview questions that will help in collecting the information needed for the decision. When the applicant arrives, the interviewer should help him / her feel at ease by showing him / her polite and friendly attitude and let him / her know about the organization. During the interview, the answers the applicant will give will prove to be valuable source of information. Carefully selected open – ended questions should be asked so that the answers given will help determine the suitability of the applicant to a particular position. Additionally, this will encourage the interviewees to supply more in depth information. But still, this should follow a specific and consistent outline in order to ensure a uniform method of questioning, which will be applied to all applicants. It is also important to allow silence for thinking and reflection by the applicant, so that he / she slowly reveals his / her basic competencies, which often determine the interviewee’s advantage over the rest of the applicants and affects the hiring decision. A basic competency is a knowledge, skill or behavior essential for one to function as an effective member of the specific organization and is an essential part of the selection criteria developed and reviewed before the interview questions are written (Univ. of Michigan, 38). Finally, it is important to record actual answers to questions as opposed to evaluative or conclusive comments. This will minimize subjectivity and biases, factors that may prove lethal during the hiring process, because the persons adopting them will most  probably end up with the wrong decision and an unsuitable new employee. Even though the interview will certainly tell a lot about the candidate’s qualifications, the only reliable way these qualifications can be measured are tests. The applicants can be tested before, during or after the interview. Tests can be classified as power versus speed tests, as well as written, oral or practical tests. They can measure knowledge, ability, skills, aptitude, attitude, honesty and personality (Billikopf, 20). Whatever the type of the test used, however, the integrity of test questions needs to be guarded. Many tests have undergone validation and reliability studies. The type of test to be used during the selection process depends on the size of the organization, its activity as well as the nature of the position that is to be filled. Aptitude tests measure a person’s capacity or potential ability to learn and perform a job. Some of the more frequently used tests measure verbal ability, numerical ability, and perceptual speed, spatial and reasoning ability. Psychomotor tests measure a person’s strength, dexterity and coordination. Job knowledge tests measure the job related knowledge possessed by a job applicant. Proficiency tests measure how well the applicant can do a sample of the work to be performed. The last ones are the most frequently used by employers worldwide, in all types of organizations. Other types of tests are interest tests, which are designed to determine how a person’s interests compare with the interests of successful people in a specific job, personality tests which attempt to measure personality traits, polygraph tests with the use of the polygraph, a device that records physical changes in a person’s body as he or she answers questions, and physical examinations (drug and AIDS testing or even genetic testing). The last ones are normally required only for the individual who is finally offered the job, and the job offer is often contingent on the individual passing the physical examination. â€Å"The exam is given to determine not only whether the applicant is physically capable of performing the job but also his or her eligibility for group life, health and disability insurance† (Byars, 143). Because of the expense, physical examinations are usually one of the last steps in the selection process. The final step in the selection process is choosing one individual for the job. There are usually more than one qualified persons, but if the previous steps in the selection process have been performed properly, the chances that a value judgment based on all the information gathered will be successful improve dramatically. Because people sometimes falsify their credentials and backgrounds, though, it is important to check references. Additionally, people sometimes interview well but have a record of not actually performing as well as they have led the interviewer to believe. Therefore, it is important to check out any areas in which there are doubts or uncertainties. Reference checks are also a form of insurance. â€Å"The hour or two it takes to conduct a reference check is far less time than the time it will take to deal with performance, attitude or behavior problems† (Univ. of Michigan, 36). The people that the responsible person for the selection has to contact are former supervisors, people whose names the candidate has given as work references to establish the working relationship, people that the employer knows personally who have worked with the candidate and people recommended by any of the above who are said to know the candidate’s work. However, some employers may hesitate to provide negative information about a former employee out of fear of lawsuits. Only people known and trusted can be relied on to give an accurate picture of a potential employee, and, even then, people have different perceptions and personalities, factors that must be considered when weighing employer references. After the evaluation process has been completed, the one most suitable applicant will finally be selected. Recruiting and selecting the right people for the organization is a challenge, and every situation is unique. Innovation, persistence and the ability to communicate the strengths of the business and the benefits of the positions offered, will attract high quality employees. Selecting among them will be hard, but if the selection process steps are implemented properly, the final decision will prove to be really beneficial to the organization. No matter who makes the final decision – the human resource department, the manager of the department or even the owner of the firm -, this decision should be backed up by the correct procedure, otherwise the consequences  could be extremely costly, if not lethal. All managers should be trained on the selection process for the benefit of the organization. WORKS CITED Billikopf, Gregory. â€Å"Labor Management in Agriculture: Cultivating Personnel Productivity†. University of California. 2003. p. 2-5, 18-23. Brindow Peter, Spencer Leslie. â€Å"When Quotas Replace Merit, Everybody Suffers†. Forbes. Feb 1993. p. 80. Byars Lloyd, Rue Leslie. â€Å"Human Resource Management†. 8th edition. Mc Graw – Hill. p. 141-144Job Analysis: An Overview. The HR – Guide. Oct 2002. May 2006. < http://www.job-analysis.net/G000.htm>Lee, Chris. â€Å"Testing Makes a Comeback†. Training Vol. 25. Dec 1988. p. 49-50. M-Pathways Employment Steering Committee Sub-Group Report. â€Å"Conducting a Successful Employee Selection Process†. University of Michigan. Apr 2001. p.20-35. Randall, James. â€Å"A Successful Application Of The Assessment Center Concept To the Salesperson Selection Process†. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management. May 1985. p. 53.

Why the admissions committee should admit you to the Pace University Essay

Why the admissions committee should admit you to the Pace University doctoral program in business - Essay Example Having been into post graduate studies as a master’s degree student, I acknowledge that this is a far cry from the undergraduate academe, in which students feel much less pressure. Post graduate students are expected not only to be educated by listening, but more importantly, to learn by putting into practice all the theories and concepts learned in class. Doctorate students are usually accomplished individuals in their chosen fields. Their professional journey goes hand in hand with seeking higher education. For graduate school students, class lectures can easily transform into class discussions, whereby most of the time, professional experiences are shared and discussed. Graduate schools are all about adults who have individual career experiences, coming together because of a common goal. To succeed in a Doctorate program, one must have a balance of technical or professional know how, and an innate desire to learn more. He must have sufficient knowledge on the course to stay afloat in class discussions. The graduate student must remain competitive in school because his classmates are equally accomplished individuals who have their own experiences to share. Most importantly, he must have humility to acknowledge that he doesn’t know everything and that the very reason for enrolling in a post graduate course is to learn more. I find it also necessary for a postgraduate student to have heaps of patience. Managing stress in the workplace in one thing; handling school related stress brought about by deadlines is another. There is more demand from a postgraduate student. He is expected to deliver utmost quality in school work; he must have the dedication and focus to thrive in this very competitive environment. If he does not have the conviction to finish the course, it is always easy to drop everything. But perseverance is one trait that the postgraduate student must possess in order to succeed. Lastly, time management holds the

Globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 19

Globalization - Essay Example This has an impact on the capitalist social and economic relations through microeconomic and multilateralism phenomena like competitiveness of businesses globally. The consequential change of production systems has an impact on the labor process, class structure, technological application, and capital organization and structure. Globalization marginalizes workers that are less educated and less skilled. As a result of globalization, expansion of business does not automatically result in increased employment. The higher mobility in comparison to labor can cause high capital remuneration. Power in the global economy is a company’s ability to command the tangible as well as intangible assets that result in increased loyalty of the customers irrespective of location. A company can tap into global networks no matter what is its geographic location or size. Globalization has had mixed effects on world economy with the increase in trade and foreign direct investment on one hand, and increased labor and production costs and income inequality on the other hand. Globalization has mixed effects on currency as a result of which, certain countries become stronger economically while other countries loose economic strength. Acceleration of globalization has caused market conditions to change. This has affected the volatility and value of national currencies all over the world. For example, the euro EUR in the European Union has replaced a number of local currencies. The Renminbi RMB has challenged the power of the US dollar. Many other currencies are linked with euro and dollar to deter harmful volatilities and fluctuations. Countries like Germany and China have taken advantage of the power of global currencies’ unification to sustain their growth. On the other hand, countries like Spain and Greece have gathered huge national debt while other countries have become poorer. A range of factors

Event at Herrington country park ( Sunderland , uk ) Essay

Event at Herrington country park ( Sunderland , uk ) - Essay Example In addition, the park provides a good space for children entertainment as well as an ample space for open air concerts for most parts of the North East of Sunderland (Hoyle, 2002). Based on the possibility of the Herrington Country Park to host a myriad of events, this paper is going to propose and explore the possibilities of the park to host other new events. On this basis, the paper is going to present wedding events as a new type of events that should be hosted by Herrington Country Park. Weddings are the most cherished events by many people around the world. Wedding events always need to be conducted in pristine as well as serene environments (Jones, 2008). They always need to be conducted in places that have aesthetic values as well as beautiful environmental backgrounds. Wedding events always need places with cool atmospheres, spaciousness and lots of natural freshness. In this regard, it is always critical to conduct wedding events in such places where recreation activities are available. Herrington Country Park offers the best environment that meets all the above descriptions for a wedding event. However, it is critical to note that there are several issues that may present big challenges towards staging the wedding events in such an environment (Hoyle, 2002). One of the difficulties in staging such events is inadequacy of finances. This may limit a number of operations in the planning and management of the event. In addition, site zoning problems may also affec t the successful staging of the wedding events in the park. This may be a problem if an experienced and well trained personnel in event management was neither consulted nor hired. This may present staging challenges. However, it is critical to note that Herrington Country Park is an ideal place to hold wedding events. For the success of the park to hold wedding evens, there are several ways that people can be informed. The wedding events in the Herrington

Business Economics (Principal Agent Theory) Essay

Business Economics (Principal Agent Theory) - Essay Example In fact analysts and the common people were surprised at the high risk undertaken by such big companies as Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc. In fact Bear Stearns Cos. was acquired by JP Morgan Chase & Co despite being the for the largest investment bank at one point of time. Experts have long criticized such lack of foresight in risk taking. However one important factor which are not often brought up in the analyses of this problem is the compensation of executives especially those which are incentive based. As analyzed by the experts, years before this crisis took place, the executives undertook the long-term economic stability as a gamble to play with and focused more on short-term financial gains. (Keller & Stocker, 2008) Understanding this issue might prevent future dangers and thus address the problem of bankruptcy by designing better compensation arrangements. The problem of compensation can be analyzed with the help of illustrating the case of Lehman Brothers and Bear Stearns as d epicted in the work â€Å"The Wages of Failure: Executive Compensation at Bear Stearns and Lehman 2000-2008† by Lucian A. Bebchuk, Alma Cohen and Holger Spamann in 2010. A panel of business and policy experts resented this lack of focus on long term worth and steadiness and the stress on short-term benefits. The National Association of Corporate Directors (NACD) suggested that the focus should lie on performance-oriented compensation rather than measuring the performance of the firm based upon stock prices. However the gap between such compensation and the value added to the American companies began to increase. In 2007 even when the mortgage crisis progressed further, the bonuses of Wall Street was at $33.2 billion, merely 2 percent below the high levels of 2006. The fall of Bear Stearns shows the problems brought about by the inclination towards short-term success. (Keller &

Week 3 Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Week 3 Journal - Essay Example All these are issues that people battle with, but may not necessarily have the answers for at the end of the day.It is true that the current declining state of America’s cultural, economic, and even social setting may be attributed to the education system in place. A lot of emphasis is placed on getting top scores in education institutions, forgetting that self-education may be the best way a person can benefit their lives, in the long run. This emphasis forces students to resort to different tactics to be at the top of their class. As far as being the biggest scam in America is concerned, college institutions are making a killing at their students’ expense (NIA 1). Loans are taken up by students with the aim of acquiring an education, only to pay that back after being employed. Problems arise when there is little to show for this education in a declining job market. NIA’s aim was to show that individuals can do without college education, claiming that self-education can create the necessary skills needed to succeed, an assumption countless individuals may concur

Uncertainty reduction theory Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Uncertainty reduction theory - Term Paper Example Therefore, the importance of the uncertainty reduction theory in communication can be explained with the statement offered by Heath and Bryant (2000). As the authors emphasize, the uncertainty reduction theory is based on the statement that the key aim of the communication process between two people is to reduce the uncertainty, and get to know each other by applying various communication strategies, including passive observation, active assessment, and interpersonal communication. Theoretical Discussion The bases of the uncertainty reduction theory are linked with the concept that people will try to get to know as much as possible about each other by using various communication channels. Considering the fact that their uncertainty can be observed through behavioral and cognitive factors, it should be emphasized, that the general premise of the theory is linked with the necessity to adapt behavior and communication in order to find the most suitable behavioral pattern. Additionally, people tend to find out the opponent’s opinion, as well as formulate their own one about the other communicator. The further reduction of uncertainty can be observed on the relational communication level, and the key premise of this transition is linked with the statement that people become highly motivated in advancing the communication level, in order to reduce uncertainty, and reach certain goals. The key terms of the theory are grounded on the interaction patterns, applied by the strangers. Moreover, Berger and Calabrese (in Kramer, 2004), the founders of the theory, divide the interaction into three key stages that can be regarded as the liking or disliking communication factors: The entry stage is aimed at creating the first opinion, and development of the initial behavioral pattern. This is also featured by the use of the behavioral norms, commonly accepted within the society, while the character of the information exchanged (either verbal or nonverbal) is often of the demographic or transactional nature. The personal stage involves interaction initiation when the basic information concerning the stranger’s beliefs and attitudes is found out. This stage can be entered only after several entry stages. The interacting individuals start probing each other for the particular attitudes, values, and personal features of character. This stage is also featured with the emerging of particular emotions towards each other. The exit stage is also regarded as the decision-taking phase of the relations development. Therefore, people have enough information concerning each other, and they decide whether they have sympathy towards another person, or not. This stage is featured with the decisions whether the further relations will be developed. Therefore, clear understanding of the communication cycles is crucial for studying the behavioral and communication patterns, people resort to, in order to reduce their uncertainty about each other. The key paradigm of the uncertainty reduction theory falls under the premise that people feel uncomfortable when they know nothing about each other, and the communication process between two communicators is turned into getting to know as much information as possible about each other. The uncertainty reduction makes collocutors feel less uncomfortable. However, considering the basic theorems of the theory, it should be emphasized that the actual

Prison Gangs and Youth Street Gangs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Prison Gangs and Youth Street Gangs - Essay Example Prison gangs and youth street gangs are different from lifestyle to group operations. Obviously, street gangs can do the operations freely. Prison gangs don't. The latter might not be difficult to organize though; and because these people are experienced, they can think and act more grave actions. The fact that they are in prison is not a restriction to the gang. "The criminal activity of the S.T.G. does not only exist inside the confines of the walls but has flowed to the outside world."1 Such criminal acts involve money, drugs, guns, exploitation of women and children, gambling, illegal trading, and power. Compare to prison gangs, youth street gangs are popular only for misconduct actions such as bullying, vandalism or graffiti, destroying someone else's property, fighting with another street gang, etc. These acts are considered unscrupulous and disgraceful but not notorious. However, guidance of elders is highly advisable because once these kids be tolerated; they might end up getting more serious troubles that could lead them in a series of crimes.

Plea-Bargaining Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Plea-Bargaining - Essay Example Defendants, however, derive the benefit of reduced sentences and the notion that the prosecution could still succeed in proving them guilty facilitates decision for plea-bargaining. Fear of bias in the judicial process could also be a factor (Siegel & Worrall 202, 203). Plea-bargaining does not serve justice to any stakeholder but only offer convenience to the overburdened criminal justice system. It only grants lenient charges to defendants, may force innocent defendants to plead guilty, and establish convenience for the prosecution and the judges, aspects that do not identify justice. Victims and the society however suffer injustice as wrongs against them escape necessary level of punishment (Siegel & Worrall 202, 203). Your post is precise and comprehensive to the prompts. The opinion on possibility of a defendant escaping charges at trial, if the prosecution fails to prove beyond reasonable doubt, is particularly outstanding. I believe it identifies justice in plea-bargaining for victims, especially in an environment that criminals could rely on wealth and brilliant lawyers as well as tampering with evidence to escape conviction. The post offers information on reasons for the high incidence of plea-bargaining such as time convenience for defendants and the prosecution and complexity in the prosecution’s burden of proof beyond reasonable doubt. The post, however, lacks precision and points are scarce in a multitude of words that are not incident to the

Process of Socialization Essay Example for Free

Process of Socialization Essay Socialization is the process by which children and adults learn from others. We begin learning from others during the early days of life; and most people continue their social learning all through life (unless some mental or physical disability slows or stops the learning process). Sometimes the learning is fun, as when we learn a new sport, art or musical technique from a friend we like. At other times, social learning is painful, as when we learn not to drive too fast by receiving a large fine for speeding. Natural socialization occurs when infants and youngsters explore, play and discover the social world around them. Planned socialization occurs when other people take actions designed to teach or train others from infancy on. Natural socialization is easily seen when looking at the young of almost any mammalian species (and some birds). Planned socialization is mostly a human phenomenon; and all through history, people have been making plans for teaching or training others. Both natural and planned socialization can have good and bad features: It is wise to learn the best features of both natural and planned socialization and weave them into our lives. Positive socialization is the type of social learning that is based on pleasurable and exciting experiences. We tend to like the people who fill our social learning processes with positive motivation, loving care, and rewarding opportunities. Negative socialization occurs when others use punishment, harsh criticisms or anger to try to teach us a lesson; and often we come to dislike both negative socialization and the people who impose it on us. There are all types of mixes of positive and negative socialization; and the more positive social learning experiences we have, the happier we tend to be,especially if we learn useful information that helps us cope well with the challenges of life. A high ratio of negative to positive socialization can make a person unhappy, defeated or pessimistic about life. Some people will defend negative socialization, since painful training can prepare people to be ready to fight and die in battle, put themselves at great risk in order to save others, endure torture and hardship. This is true; but many people receive far more negative socialization than they need, and hopefully fewer and fewer people will need to be trained for battle, torture and hardship. Functions of Different Social Processes 1.Cooperation- The most favored of all the social pocesses, promotes solidarity and cohesion. I.primary cooperation exist when individulas share the task and rewards with all the members, when the sharing itself becomes both the ends and the means. II.Secondary Cooperation is mere formal type of cooperation existing in modern societies and formal groups. 2.Conflict and cooperation- there are generally considered destructive forces, especially the conflict process but both also fulfill certain function in our society or else the process will oersist competition for one encourages people to exert their best. It stimulates individuals to improve their skills and evidence their knowledge. 3. Differentiation- As individuals they carry with their status or positions in the social system. The status determines the role play in the social situation. As society become more and more complex, roles and function of members in the social system becomes more and more specialized. Differentition role may depend in such factors as sex, age, wealth accumulated and others. References: http://www.soc.ucsb.edu/faculty/baldwin/classes/soc142/scznDEF.html Reporter: Danilo L. Sorio Jr.

Social Influences on Conformity

Social Influences on Conformity I would like to write an essay on social influence conformity and how it is exhibited in society. I want to use one real-life example in my essay, which will help to understand discussed question with more details. First of all it is necessary to define two terms conformity and social influence and then to connect them with each other. According to Wood (2000) social influence is the change in behavior that one person causes in another, intentionally or unintentionally, as a result of the way the changed person perceives themselves in relationship to the influencer, other people and society in general.ÂÂ   Social influence is divided in three main areas: conformity, compliance and obedience. Conformity as a main object of our research and it can be defined as personal changes in attitude or even behavior in relate to other people behavior, attempt to be more like others. Conformity can be presented on different stages of our life and thoughts, changing our values and beliefs, and making our behavior similar to our admired idols. I want to mention that the level of obvious social pressure, associated with these three above stated categories, increases as a man passes from conformity to compliance and, finally, to the obedience. The conformity is exhibited in society in various ways and it is implied by the change of conduct so that it corresponded reactions or actions of others, to the conduct of people, circumferential us. Taking as example one situation we will illustrate social influence in the frames of conformity. Going on an evening-party or concert, you, probably, will ask: How will be people dressed there? Lets imagine that you come in shorts and sport shirt, while all around will be in evening suits, or vice versa, lets imagine that you appear solemnly dressed, when all other in frivolous dresses. Discomfort which majority will feel from you causes a strong desire to correspond to a situation. Such conformism is fully natural and here is no opened social pressure; let even nobody will never take you aside and will not say: you unsuitably got dressed, but you can be of own volition changed clothes in something, more proper a place and time. Thus, it will be good to mention for the conclusion that surroundings of the identically adjusted people can have a strong influence on interpretation of reality and it will change personal attitude to it. Conformity makes our behavior more socialized, because due to this notion we try to follow the rules of our society, to follow social norms and regulate our behavior in compliance with place and people who are around us. Reference Wood, W. (2000). ATTITUDE CHANGE: Persuasion and Social Influence. Annual Review of Psychology.

Examining The Social Structure Theories In The Economy Criminology Essay

Examining The Social Structure Theories In The Economy Criminology Essay Social structure theories assert that the disadvantaged economic class position is a primary cause of crime.   The theories state that neighborhoods which are lower class force of strain, frustration and disorganization that create crime (Shanali-Justicia). Social Disorganization, Strain Theory and Culture Deviance are a few of the social structure criminology theories that are used to explain crime. Other social theories that fall into this category are Culture of Poverty and the truly disadvantage theory. The theory of social disorganization is that crime and delinquency is caused when communities fail. There is a breakdown of families, church, schools and government in the community. Social disorganization theorizes that these relationships reinforce positive behavior, a sense of community responsibility and concern for the social network within a close area (Hardy, 2010). When these relationships breakdown or do not exist the communities and its inhabitants lose its sense of structure and this is believed to be the causation of crime and delinquent behavior. The cycle of Social Disorganization is thought to start with poverty, where there is lack of opportunities and racial discrimination. The lack of opportunities breaks down the social institutions and organizations and this leads to the erosion of traditional values. This breakdown leads juveniles to seek the acceptance from peers and a sense of belonging from gangs. Once these gangs form there is a loss of social control or it b ecomes less effective. When this control is lost neighborhoods become more prone to crime and this detracts from investors which reduces opportunities in the community. Eventually this becomes the norm and this way of life is passed onto the next generation. The formation of criminal careers if formed and the cycle continues for some while others grow out of their delinquent phase. Populace in these disorganized areas can feel neglected, frustrated and ostracized from the economic mainstream, they develop feelings of hopelessness and anger which sociologist state are signs of strain (Siegel Welsch, 2008, p. 89). This strain develops and theorist state it leads people to commit criminal offenses, because they lack the opportunities for success. The opportunity for a better life seems to be beyond their reach, so people turn to deviant behavior to achieve their goals because they feel that society has let them down. Cultural Deviance Theory is a combination of both the effects of social disorganization and strain. It is thought that the lower socio-economic populaces create an independent subculture where they have their own rules and values. Juveniles in lower class neighborhoods adapt to their environment, they become cynical and have no respect for authority. Conventional values make little sense to a youth whose role models may include gun runner, drug deale rs and pimps (Siegel Welsch, 2008, p. 91). Teachers and other authority figures become secondary citizens to these juveniles and they cannot conform to the rules as other members of society do. These juveniles experience a form of culture conflict as a result they never achieve their goals and eventually get caught up in the life of gangs and deviant behavior. The populace of this poverty culture is marked by frustration of their environment. There is a lack of trust of police and government and this mistrust stalls people from this environment from seeking other advantageous opportunities or ones that are available to them. The results of this environment are depression and possibly psychological issues. Inner-cities that suffer from economic changes have an increase of crime; they become ingrained in a cycle of poverty, unemployment and crime. These people are considered the truly disadvantage living in communities with poorly organized social networks, alienated populations and high crime (Siegel Welsch, 2008, p. 85) Theorists such as Clifford Shaw, Henry McKay, and Robert Merton have similar views on social structure theories. While Elijah Anderson believed that juveniles committed crimes because of their socio-economic living conditions there were rendered incapable of achieving success (Siegel Welsch, 2008, p. 92). A juvenile turned to crime because it was their only way of achieving success. They feel that their only option is to join gangs and engage in behavior that is deviant. Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay believe that delinquency is mainly the consequence of a collapse of institutional, community-based controls (Wong, 2009). Shaw and McKay believed that people that lived in situations such as these responded to the disorganization of their environment. They believe that delinquent behavior was a result of social disorganization, because the neighborhoods they lived in were transitional neighborhoods. This was an area where there was a shift in population; the middle class neighborhood would transition to a mixture of lower class people. When this transition would occur the family would become rooted in the neighborhood and the values that they developed such as belonging to gangs and criminal behavior would be passed onto the next generation. Similar to Shaw and McKay, Robert Merton believe that society was the cause of deviant behavior, because society put pressure on people to achieve the American dream. Merton believed that society expected an individual to conform or either work within its structure. When a person cannot conform they become members of a deviant subculture. Merton argued that upper class children are less likely to commit delinquent acts because they have the means and ability to obtain an education and stable employment. While lower class juveniles do not have the same means they feel the social and psychological strain or anomie. Merton believed this condition caused juveniles to commit criminal acts to achieve their goals and even if they were offered the means to achieve these goals legally, they would reject those acceptable means of deviant ones (Siegel Welsch, 2008, p. 89). The theory that I most associate with my belief that juveniles commit crimes is the based Cultural Deviance theory. I think that juveniles conform to their environment and as a result have a lower set of goals and values than those of society. Juveniles that grow up in lower economic levels become hardened in their environment and develop an outer shell that shows no fear and have accepted because they play hard they will probably die young. These juveniles do not hesitate to use violence to get the message across nor do they consider the consequences of their actions. The goals that these juveniles set for themselves are reaching the top level in their gangs and increasing their drug sales. These juveniles cannot understand the concept of hard work and setting realistic goals like other members of society and because they fail to achieve success in life they are quick to blame the man for their failures.

A Brief Overview of Feminism Essay example -- essays papers

A Brief Overview of Feminism Feminism can be roughly described as a movement that seeks to enhance the quality of women’s lives by impacting the norms and moves of a society based on male dominance and subsequent female subordination. Although feminist literary writings began to gain popularity in the 20th century, feminist characters have been around for ages. â€Å"Feminist criticism’s self transformations over the past several decades as it engages with both critiques from within and encounters from without- encounters with psychoanalysis, Marxism, Post-Structuralisms, ethnic studies, post-colonial theory, and lesbian and gay studies- have produced a complex proliferation of work not easily subsumed to a single description. (Rivkin 527)†. According to Julie Rivkin and Michael Ryan in their essay â€Å"Feminist Paradigms†, feminist criticism includes several other ideas. Gayle Rubin, author of â€Å"The Traffic in Women: Notes on the ‘Political Economy’ of Sexà ¢â‚¬ , also adds: The literature on women- both feminist and anti-feminist- is a long rumination on the question of the nature and genesis of women’s oppression and social subordination.† Some of the earlier feminist characters include Kate, from The Taming of the Shrew and The Wife of Bath from the Canterbury Tales. Unfortunately, during their times these women were viewed as either crazy or troublesome. There was little respect for their opinions and ideas. Trailblazers such as Jane Austen, the Bronte sisters, and Geo...

Insanity in The Yellow WallPaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman and A Rose

Comparing â€Å"The Yellow Wall- Paper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman and â€Å"A Rose for Emily† by William Faulkner I picked two short stories that I would like to compare and contrast in this essay. The first story is called â€Å"The Yellow Wall- Paper† and was written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman. The second story I chose is called â€Å"A Rose for Emily† and was written by William Faulkner. Both of these stories are about women who have serious mental problems. These stories are similar in that aspect, but there are also some differences. In this essay, I will compare and contrast these two short stories and determine which one best illustrates insanity. The first thing that I noticed about these stories was that they were purely fictional. I also noticed that they both had a weird twist. â€Å"A Rose for Emily† is about a woman who kills her lover and hides him in her home: The man himself lay in the bed. For a long while we just stood there, looking down at the profound and fleshless grin. The body had apparently once lain in the attitude of an embrace, but now the long sleep that outlast love, that conquers even the grimace of love, had cuckolded him. In â€Å"The Yellow Wall-Paper† the woman starts out normal and gradually sinks into depression. Her depression gets so bad that she begins to see objects in her wall paper: We have been here two weeks, and I haven’t felt like writing before, since that first day. ...

Hemp Rediscovered :: essays papers

Hemp Rediscovered â€Å"Make the most of the hemp seed and sow it every where,† a quote by George Washington in 1794 (qtd. In â€Å"Get the Scoop†). In early American history hemp was an essential crop, it was used to make rope, sails, lamp oil, and almost anything else. Henry ford built a car out of hemp than ran on hemp fuel oil. The original Levi jeans were fashioned out of hemp fibers. And even the first drafts of the Declaration of Independence and the US Constitution were written on hemp paper (â€Å"Get The Scoop†). In fact, hemp was one of the largest produced crops in the US until it’s demise in 1937 under the Marihuana Tax Act. This act of congress was aimed at Americas newest enemy, marijuana or cannabis sativa C, but the bill also criminalized the cultivation of marijuana’s cousin cannabis sativa L, commonly referred to as hemp. Hemp had one more day in the spot light in 1942 when it was called into battle in World War II under a flag that read à ¢â‚¬Å"Hemp for victory† (â€Å"About†). The Tax Act was quickly reenacted after the war and hemp has not been grown legally on American soil since. The reason hemp is such a valuable plant, is that it grows fast, dense, and easily. The germination period for hemp is about one hundred days depending on the application for which it is being used (â€Å"About†). In comparison with other cash crops this is good, but in comparison with some of the resources it can replace, such as trees and fossil fuel, there is nothing better. Hemp provides a much higher yield than other American cash crops, and can be used for so many things that it’s market value should remain stable with increased production. Also, hemp can be grown without pesticides and it actually replenishes the soil so it can be rotated with other crops to produce higher yields of bath (Field 1). The maintainability of the hemp industry relies on demand, but with hemp’s 25,000 different uses this is no great barrier (â€Å"About†). With current processing technology every part of the cannabis sativa L plant is useful. The seeds can he hulled and used in food for flavor and as a protein supplement. These seeds can also be crushed into hemp-seed oil which is used as lamp oil or as a moisturizing ingredient in cosmetics and soaps.

Biblical World View about the Euthanasia, Suicide, and Capital Punishment Essay

Euthanasia: To put a patient to death by withdrawing the life-sustaining medications or using medical act when the patient has little probability to revive from the disease or the unconsciousness is called euthanasia. After I read the chapter ten from â€Å"The Right to Die and the Right to Kill†, I comprehend that euthanasia is legal in some specific circumstance. In biblical way, the euthanasia should be prohibited because it is consider murder. But as the article says sometimes the euthanasia is reasonable. In my point of view, if a patient may ask for euthanasia to death, as a Christian, I will try to encourage the patient to live strong. I believe God do not give something that more than we could bear. Miracles happen every day, several true stories I heard that some patients with some lethal diseases survived from death by the cheer of their family and bless of God. But it does not means euthanasia is a bad thing. For instance, if the modern medical knowledge can no longer avoid the death and when the death is excruciating for the patient, with the permit of the patient the euthanasia is passable. In some circumstance, as a patient has been constantly unconscious, the family members of patient can choose to use the Euthanasia. Also I deem that euthanasia could apply to the capital punishment. To sum up, euthanasia is an acceptable means, but it should be done legally. Suicide: The definition of suicide as I learn from the article is that suicide is a self conflict, a severe sin of self-murder which is a selfishness or hopelessness act. The statistic shows us that suicide is a momentous social issue that the number people who committed suicide every year more likely higher than the number of people who dead in battle field. Commit suicide The reason why I have the negative view of suicide, it was a sore challenge to some one physically and mentally, and would also remain adverse impact to all the people who are related to him. Commit suicide is very disrespectful behavior to their family, friend, society. There are various types of suicide, but there usually two cause, people who suicide may motive by meaningful purposes or by emotion. People who committed suicide for further purpose are satisfactory. And a confident person will probably conquer the emotional suicide. Christians do not easily attempt to suicide, because God do not give something that more than man could bear. The saved people will have the eternal life in the heaven. It signifies the suicide is forgiving. But we should not easily think about suicide by some meaningless emotion. God is the only one who is to come to a decision how and when people should die. In my view, when I need to face the suicide, I believe the best way to do is read the scriptures and pray for God. Walt Ye Capital Punishment â€Å"For all who draw the sword will die by the sword.† Matthew 26:52, I believe this one of the best testimony of the capital punishment. The mentions of capital punishment in the scripture occur many times. It reveals the significance demand, because it shows the righteous of the society. A Christian commit murder is possible, but he should really need to think his or her salvation. Because Bible teaches us to love your enemies, the murder is unforgivable behave for a true Christian. God will forgive the sin, but the murderer should accept their civil law punishment. Sometimes, the investigation is very important, because the government may out the wrong person to death. In my personal perspective, the capital punishment is very necessary and an efficient tool of reduce the crime which could ensure the safety of our society.

The Psychology Behind Effective Persuasion and Ways to Resist It

MENESES, DEXTER T. 12-58679 1:00 pm- 2:30 pm Topic: The psychology behind effective persuasion and ways to resist it. I. Background of the study Every day, people are exposed to hundreds of persuasive messages in one form or another. These persuasive messages can be found on television commercials, product ads, billboards, and even on people’s clothing. The researcher noticed that advertisements and other types of persuasive messages are so overwhelmingly widespread nowadays that people are no longer able to filter out those that matter and those that are unwanted.It is also a norm for persuasive messages to employ proven persuasive methods that exploit the psychology of the human mind. The researcher chose this topic to be able to understand how persuasion methods lead the human mind to comply. Moreover, what are the ways to resist unwanted persuasion? II. Significance of the study Being aware of how the persuasive messages exploit the loopholes in human psychology and how th ey easily cause people to comply can make readers realize that these messages they encounter everyday largely influence their decisions and can possibly cause unwanted outcomes. Read also Memory – ForgettingIt will teach them to value their own free will and to avoid their tastes, views and even their identities from being manipulated in an environment that is heavily dominated by commercialism and colonialism. This study will also teach the readers of how the brain works under persuasion. Lastly, it will help them to think rationally and be warned of potential deception before complying. III. Statement of the problem Persuasive messages employ specific persuasion methods that IV. Objectives

Google Analytics

Urchin on Demand, a web statistics analysis program developed by urchin Software Corporation, was used as a basis for developing Google Analytics when Google acquired Urchin Software Corporation in April 2005. This program provides powerful tracking tools for anyone with a web presence. The Customized Reporting tool can help analysts save time by allowing them to organize and present information based on specific metrics and variables Instead of slating through large amounts of data to mind specific Information. These variables allow you to collect unique data that Is most important to your business.These reports can be constructed in ways to make it easy to understand. Also included in this tool are custom alerts that will alert an individual on significant changes in data patterns or when customized thresholds are reached. The Advertising Return on Investment tool track financial goals by tracking sales and revenue and measuring them against the advertising costs. This tool is used in conjunction with two other products – Towards and Decades. Towards is a â€Å"cost-per- click† and site-targeted advertising program for banner, text, and media ads.This model of advertising Is used to direct traffic to specific websites, where the advertiser would pay the publisher of the advertisement each time the ad is clicked by a visitor. Decades Is a salary advertising program, mainly used by website publishers of all sizes to create and place targeted Google advertisements that are often relevant to the website being visited. Decades also lets the website owner provide Google search o site users, while allowing them to earn money by displaying Google Ads on the search results pages.The Sharing and Communication tool will allow you schedule or send unplanned personalized report emails that contain information that you want to share. Administrative controls are integrated to manage how sensitive data is dispensed and which reports and announcements are availa ble to users on your account. Google Analytics provides a tool that will allow an individual to visualize data being analyzed in a schematic form by way of motion charts, graphs, score cards, and there graphical methods In order to identify trends, patterns, and other comparisons.Funnels provide a way of visualizing how efficient the pages on an individual's website can â€Å"funnel† or direct visitors to the business owner's goal. It will Identify which pages result In higher drop-off rates of visitors. The pages Identified for higher drop-off rates can be analyzed to identify the cause of the drop-off in website traffic an metal to more inclemently slut ten needs AT tenet potential customers. Cross Channel and Multimedia Tracking methods allow you to track mobile websites, bile applications, web-enabled mobile devices, flash, social networking, and web 2. Applications. The internal site search function helps you identify with customer's needs in order to speed up the time t o conversion. Google Analytics will provide a business owner with the confidence to make sound business decisions about their web-based business that can be measured by hard data. This data can be used to ensure that an owner can make the proper adjustments to their business as website traffic is analyzed and the needs of their customers are identified in order to examine profits and minimize advertising costs. Google Analytics Urchin on Demand, a web statistics analysis program developed by urchin Software Corporation, was used as a basis for developing Google Analytics when Google acquired Urchin Software Corporation in April 2005. This program provides powerful tracking tools for anyone with a web presence. The Customized Reporting tool can help analysts save time by allowing them to organize and present information based on specific metrics and variables Instead of slating through large amounts of data to mind specific Information. These variables allow you to collect unique data that Is most important to your business.These reports can be constructed in ways to make it easy to understand. Also included in this tool are custom alerts that will alert an individual on significant changes in data patterns or when customized thresholds are reached. The Advertising Return on Investment tool track financial goals by tracking sales and revenue and measuring them against the advertising costs. This tool is used in conjunction with two other products – Towards and Decades. Towards is a â€Å"cost-per- click† and site-targeted advertising program for banner, text, and media ads.This model of advertising Is used to direct traffic to specific websites, where the advertiser would pay the publisher of the advertisement each time the ad is clicked by a visitor. Decades Is a salary advertising program, mainly used by website publishers of all sizes to create and place targeted Google advertisements that are often relevant to the website being visited. Decades also lets the website owner provide Google search o site users, while allowing them to earn money by displaying Google Ads on the search results pages.The Sharing and Communication tool will allow you schedule or send unplanned personalized report emails that contain information that you want to share. Administrative controls are integrated to manage how sensitive data is dispensed and which reports and announcements are availa ble to users on your account. Google Analytics provides a tool that will allow an individual to visualize data being analyzed in a schematic form by way of motion charts, graphs, score cards, and there graphical methods In order to identify trends, patterns, and other comparisons.Funnels provide a way of visualizing how efficient the pages on an individual's website can â€Å"funnel† or direct visitors to the business owner's goal. It will Identify which pages result In higher drop-off rates of visitors. The pages Identified for higher drop-off rates can be analyzed to identify the cause of the drop-off in website traffic an metal to more inclemently slut ten needs AT tenet potential customers. Cross Channel and Multimedia Tracking methods allow you to track mobile websites, bile applications, web-enabled mobile devices, flash, social networking, and web 2. Applications. The internal site search function helps you identify with customer's needs in order to speed up the time t o conversion. Google Analytics will provide a business owner with the confidence to make sound business decisions about their web-based business that can be measured by hard data. This data can be used to ensure that an owner can make the proper adjustments to their business as website traffic is analyzed and the needs of their customers are identified in order to examine profits and minimize advertising costs.

Cicero On Duty Essay

Cicero’s definition of duty is a term in which in this course, is far reached than what we would have ever thought duty would stand for. Defining duty can be said to be a commitment or obligation to someone or something that causes them to pursue a certain action. Duty is split into two parts which consist of dealing with what is the â€Å"supreme† good and second, practicing rules which are strictly regulated in all means of daily life. Another classification of duties are duties which are middle or complete. Complete duty is link to being what is â€Å"right†. Middle duty is the reasoning behind why has it been done. When Cicero writes about individual activism we consider the duties that are honorable and dishonorable. What is honorable or dishonorable? People’s spirits are often pulled between opposing opinions. The individual then has to see whether or not it will offer him an advantage in life. Cicero discusses the major principal thought on duty which is based on a conservative standpoint. The different forms of duty happened due to human nature. Civic duty takes different forms. Civic duty will always leads back to the people that live in the society. Questions asked is what do we owe? What can I do? Cicero writes how the nature of a person will influence his decisions based on what is the â€Å"honorable† thing to do at a certain time. A individual showing wisdom towards the publics concern is part of the action. Cicero uses a strong example when he speaks about promising to be at a appointment but not showing up due to someone close to you getting ill. He explains how not making the appointment would not be contrary to your duty because you abandoned what you promised. This shows your neighbor that your character can’t be trusted. The fellowship you keep with the community is a responsibility. Fellowship is so important to the form of civic duty according to cicero. He explains how one should be able to share, give advice, and cause no evil to their neighbor. Justice is the foundation of duty. Justice in a society emphasizes on the civic duty to ones state. As a citizen you should never find yourself on an omission state but to be contributing in honest forms towards society. Other principles is that of carrying a great spirit. It would help you have courage in your actions and for that reason you will hold honor towards yourself. When Cicero writes about the reasons for why people have duties towards the public sphere he believes that the individual is part of the community. He contributes it all the to belief of Stoicism. Aristotelian is another close source in which we can speak about duties, but Cicero’s true belief was that virtues is key to duty. Stoicism is the school of thought that holds the belief that the only way we can make sense of our own existence is by devoting ourselves to virtues. People who follow this pathway believe that the majority things of daily life are stuff we can’t control, but yet we can contribute our life to society in a better way. Honor is another reason why individuals choose certain choices that lead you to be seen as a noble person in your society. The wide picture is seen towards how the community sees the individuals actions according to the standards in which have been placed. It doesn’t seem like an individual would ever perform a duty if honor wasn’t the reward. An individual who doesn’t care for much pleasure would mostly likely seek out honor in the public sphere. In conclusion Cicero comes up with the belief that the main stance on duty should always be honor, because honor is the only thing that really brings out the obligations that we owe to ourselves and the society you live in.

Criminology- TERM PAPER ASSIGNMENT Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Criminology- ASSIGNMENT - Term Paper Example According to Clarke (1997, p 145), SCP is a crime prevention strategy in which opportunities for crime are reduced. Sacco and Kennedy (2008, p. 171) on the other hand state that SCP emphasizes the relationship between the criminal’s fear of being apprehended and the particular circumstances that surround the criminal activity This strategy targets highly specific forms of crime like domestic burglaries, burglaries at commercial places, carjacking in parking lots, kidnapping and even highly organized crimes. Measures applied in SCP involve the manipulation, management or designing the environment systematically and permanently (Clarke, 1997, p 148). Such measures make the crime seem harder to succeed, more risky and less rewarding according to Clarke (1997, p 148) and Sacco and Kennedy (2008, p. 337). They affect the target assessments carried out by potential offenders in regard to costs and benefits of committing the crime (Clarke, 1997, p 149). This makes potential offenders reconsider their plans because their ability to get away with and benefit from the crime has been challenged. Situational crime prevention also involves target hardening measures according to Clarke (1997, p 150). An example of environmental management and design that harden the target is proper surveillance in roadways and parking lots especially in new residential places. Such places are targeted more by burglars who park vehicles for transporting stolen goods in dark places near the targets. It also includes improving lighting and increasing security at most vulnerable times of the day in commercial places (Clarke, 1997, p168). Natural and techno-surveillance in potential target areas is boosted by having security personnel, and enhancing their work using closed-circuit television (CCTV) surveillance and burglary alarms according to Clarke (1997, p168). On their own, CCTVs may not lead to a reduction in crime

The mental processes stimulated in the reader by literary texts are Essay

The mental processes stimulated in the reader by literary texts are distinctly different from those required in the interpretati - Essay Example First we must examine the mental processes that are being inferred in this premise. While the brain and the ‘little black box’ of language acquisition certainly supply the rudiments by which we as human beings interpret language as communication, it is also our experience that helps us interpret not only non-literary data correctly, but also give us the insight to interpret literary and creative communication in a multitude of ways as well. Noam Chomsky (1968), and others, have posited that we all possess a Language Acquisition Device (LAD) often referred to as the ‘little black box’ which starts up in infancy and runs till about five or six years old. There is a universal grammar that is possess that allows us to pick up language quickly through imitation and observation. As time passes this device appears to shut down and learning language become a much more complex process, intellectual rather than subconscious. However, after this time we process languag e itself at higher and more complex levels, allowing literature to be created and understood, well beyond the simple rules of grammar. Context is certainly the key when trying to perceive the way the mind perceives and differentiates between literary and non-literary texts. ... However these packets are often not so clear-cut and can also vary dependent upon one’s own persona experience, ‘†¦ this involves not only knowledge of language but also organised knowledge of the world.’ (Goodman and O’Halloran 2006: 371) This knowledge can also vary from culture to culture as well as on an individual basis. Take for instance scripts which are defined as ‘†¦knowledge of a stereotypical situation or activity.’ (Goodman and O’Halloran 2006: 362) These evolve over time and are based solely on individual experience within a cultural or social context. ‘Separating schemata into scripts, plans, goals and themes can sometimes be tricky because boundaries are not always so clear-cut. This is why Cook (1994) uses the expression â€Å"interpretative schemata† rather than just â€Å"schemata†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢. (Goodman and O’Halloran 2006: 373) Relevance theory, on the other hand, is part of the branch of linguistics known as ‘pragmatics’ (Goodman and O’Halloran 2006: 377) that is also closely related to philosophy. Simply stated, this theory relies on the assumption that any packet of language has an ‘in-built guarantee’ (Goodman and O’Halloran 2006: 366) that it is relevant the reader will seek that relevance. Here, oddly enough, is where relevance of content and context play a major difference in the reader’s perception and further interpretation of the text. A reader will assume a maximum amount of relevance given the context of the text. In the instance given in the text, the reader will only give so much time to a commercial advert deeming its relevance to be clear by the specification of the

Organizational Change and Effective Leadership Essay

Organizational Change and Effective Leadership - Essay Example This essay identifies specific leadership characteristics and skills which contribute in effectively facilitating organizational change in the business arena. It will specifically focus on the start-up phase or the introduction of changes. Examples will also be utilized to illustrate significant points further. Changes happen to all organizations. However, many organisational changes fail to accomplish what they are meant to: they cost so much that their value is compromised; they take so long that opportunities are missed; or degenerate into chaos, leaving everyone discouraged and confused. What organisational change ultimately requires is that leaders develop not just new skills and knowledge but a whole new way of looking at things. Indeed, in today's organisations, without experiencing and successfully managing a difficult transition, no leader can be effective for very long. That suggests reinventing most models of leadership development. The best leadership development programs implicitly address the challenge of understanding change they are experiential, tailored, to the needs of the leader, and based on delivering real-world results. The business arena is currently undergoing a modification in terms leadership styles. Most notable is the high acceptance of transformational as opposed to transactional leadership.

Safe and Quality Healthcare Services Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Safe and Quality Healthcare Services - Essay Example So as we see, FMEA is a precautionary process, which helps prevent problems and help deal with them in an effective and organized manner, if they were to occur. This analytical method has been used since several decades in the production and engineering industry and has proved to be an excellent tool in identifying and reducing hazards. It examines each individual component of a particular system to determine a number of ways in which each component could fail and, not only this, but the effect of a particular failure on the stability of the entire system. (Spath, 2003) One of the major concerns in the healthcare industry is safety. The assurance that a patient is in reliable hands and that the treatment being done or service being offered is safe up to quality standards. For patient safety and wellbeing, healthcare service providers must adopt a set of rules or standards to abide by. The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) assumed responsibility for the certification of hospitals in 1951, back then, the standards continued to uphold a safe environment. Because of increasing public concern with the problem of medical errors and patient injuries, JCAHO reinforced its commitment to patient safety. Commencing in 1996, JCAHO introduced a number of new standards that are intended to maintain continuous improvement in the safety of the services provided to the public. (Spath, 2003) In addition to adopting well defined processes used in healthcare services and assuring that the personnel performing the processes are competent, there is a need for more safety and precautionary measures. The solution to this lies in other industries. This is when JCAHO executives considered standard changes to adopt a more a proactive approach to risk reduction, they researched many other techniques to improve safety used in other high-risk industries to find one that would be adaptable to health care services as well. (Spath, 2003) The process So, basically FMEA is a proactive approach and it consumes little time and resources when compared to the return on investments. The National Center for Patient Safety website developed by the Veterans Affair, devised a set of steps applying the traditional FMEA to healthcare. The process is as follows: 1. Choose a process to study. JCAHO requires the

Internal analysis on Toll Singapore Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Internal analysis on Toll Singapore - Case Study Example Supply chain management (SCM) is a developed discipline viewed as the management of a system of interlinked businesses working together in the core goals of providing essential services and products to target clientele or markets within the service provision base and precincts of the participating business entities. Various scholars have had their contributions on the concepts of SCM. There are some dissonances and concurrences when it comes to defining what SCM really. Perhaps one of the lucid definitions is offered by Harland (1996) who views SCM as a form of management that covers all transportation and storage of raw material, refined goods, and inventory in process from points of departure or origin up to the points of need (consumption). The track of transported goods from the point of origin up to the point of consumption constitutes what has been termed as the supply chain in business management and logistics science. Further perspectives on SCM stem from the view of the discipline as pertaining to the entirety of the aspects planning and overseeing of all activities entailed in procuring, conversion and management of all the logistical activity. Also crucial to this view is the inclusion of aspects coordination and alliance within the network players which may be the suppliers, the middlemen and even third party services renders as well as clients. Contemporary SCM is ... ion of aspects coordination and alliance within the network players which may be the suppliers, the middlemen and even third party services renders as well as clients. The core of SCM holds the integration of services and products supply as well as demand regulation in the SCM networks. Toll Singapore and Contemporary Supply Chain Management Contemporary SCM is undergoing significant transformation and modification under the influence of various sweeping phenomena in the forms of globalisation and technological leaps. Scholars around the discipline are factoring in the importance of various dynamics that have been largely less considered in earlier conceptualisations on SCM. The SCM discipline has had remarkable contributions from the works of Coyle, Langley and Gibson among others. Although the scholars have brought the supply chain element to the fore of the contemporary concepts on SCM, the scholars have underscored the role that information technology is playing and will continue to play in contemporary and future SCM domains. Coyle, Langley, Gibson, Novack, Bardi (2008), contend that, "A supply chain perspective germane for appropriate deciphering and application of the feasible SCM tenets will tap in the essence and merits of information technology as well as the rate of change and a closer recognition of logistics with all its associative dimensions". Toll group strength lies in the integration of operational expertise and assets in strategic thrust aimed at championing supply chain effectiveness in providing optimum SCM services to the target clientele pool. The Toll group Model The Toll group model can be explored in tandem with Michael Porter Value Chain conceptual framework. The value Chain framework of Michael Porter is an ensemble of useful conceptual

Adherence Reaction Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Adherence Reaction Paper - Essay Example On Mondays and Fridays, I also include my vitamin B-6 tablet, which I am required to take twice per week. This concludes my morning routine, but not the medication regimen for the day. At night, I take another calcium carbonate and a capsule and a half of Zoloft, which, as it warns, does make me drowsy and helps me get to sleep at night. There are several things that help me adhere to this regimen. I have a pill caddy that I refill every week and carry with me everywhere I go. The rattle of it reminds me to check if I have taken my medication yet while the proper dosage of each pill for each day is already there for me. This is especially helpful for the odd B-6 pill that I am only supposed to take twice per week and is thus easy to forget. During the week, when I have a more regular schedule thanks to my volunteer job at the library, it is relatively easy to keep myself on this regimen. I have to get up at a specific time in the morning anyway in order to get ready for my ‘job’ and the evenings remain relatively quiet so that I can get enough sleep for tomorrow’s work. On the weekends, though, it becomes more difficult because I want to sleep in later, but still get hungry at the same time and I want to stay up later, but the Zoloft continues to make me sleepy. I am motivated to continue taking the medicine, though, out of fear of having a heart attack or simply not be capable of eating comfortably if that horrible heartburn feeling returns. At the same time, there are many things that make me wish I could just scrap the regimen altogether. When I am not volunteering, it is nice to lose all track of scheduling constraints. I like to sleep in late and take my time on various things. On these days, I am usually ravenously hungry when I wake up but have to put this on hold if I want my medications to be effective. This is

Opinion Blog on Domestic Violence Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Opinion Blog on Domestic Violence - Assignment Example The issue of domestic violence especially against women is not new and infact the domestic violence movement is atleast 3 decades old. The movement has caught a lot of public awareness and has got many protective laws enacted. Many extensive network of services have been started to help the victims of domestic violence. Any incident of threatening behavior, violence or abuse, of any form, between individuals who are, or have been, intimate partners or family members, or share a relationship, is known as domestic violence. The victims are usually women, children, elderly people, physically or mentally challenged persons and partners in gay or lesbian relationship. According to the 1998 Commonwealth fund survey, nearly 31% of American women report being abused by their partners at some point in their lives (Common wealth fund, 1999). According to the ‘National Violence Against Women’ survey (1995-96), about 25% of women reported sexual domestic violence at some time in their lives. In the year 2001, 85% of the victims of intimate partner violence were women (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2003). There was no difference in rates as far as social, racial, geographical or ethnic differences are concerned. Also, 50% of men who assaulted their wives also assaulted their children. Domestic violence is a much sought after problem for over decades. Though many researchers argue that there are as many men who are battered as are women, there is enough evidence to prove that women are the main targets of domestic violence. Hence women must be given help to fight domestic violence and must be advised not to accept it a part of family system. Commonwealth Fund. (1999). Health Concerns across a Woman’s Lifespan: 1998 Survey of Women’s Health. May 1999. Retrieved on 25th November, 2010 from

Poverty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 15

Poverty - Essay Example The study is also relevant to the general concept of poverty since it is hard to separate child poverty from poverty in general. In addition, its particular and unique dimensions are rarely recognized. According to Duncan, Ziol†Guest andKalil (2010), children experience poverty as a situation that is detrimental to their emotional, spiritual, mental and physical development. Their article argues that poverty can drastically impede the ability of a child to learn. As a result, child poverty contributes to behavioral, social, and emotional problems to such children. The authors also state that child poverty not only contributes to the general ill health of the affected child, but also to poor mental health of the victim. This implies that there are greatest risks for children who encounter poverty at their tender age. This risk is even intensified if these children experience persistent and profound poverty. According to these researchers, poverty is the only greatest threat to the well-being of children (Duncan, Ziol†Guest & Kalil, 2010). The article concludes by suggesting that active public policies can have an upper hand in creating a difference. It mentions making w ork pay for those parents with little income, providing high-quality learning experience and early care for children as the necessary steps to eradicate child poverty. In addition, the article advocates for investment in the most poverty stricken children as a critical step in fighting child poverty. According to Sumner (2010), children experience a state of poverty with their minds, hands and hearts. Explaining about material poverty in the article, for instance, he argues that the emotional capacity and bodily growth of a child are hindered when the kid starts a day without taking a meal. He adds that when a minor lives in an environment that offers little emotional support to him or her, most of the positive effects of a child growing up in a

Transportation City of Boston Essay Example for Free

Transportation City of Boston Essay Internet practices in the year 2000 were the elements that brought new challenges to the field of logistics. People started to expect more from the customer service field and from the quality and value that corporations provided. With these high expectations, the importance of transportation and logistics became a way to make firms more competitive by understanding their customers’ needs and the additional value that they are looking for. At this time, logistics continued to develop elements such as electronic-businesses; globalization; business alliances; and technological advancements. Technology is a logistical core competence with increasing importance, especially for the service providers. Most companies nowadays conduct their businesses through the internet. They use different Internet applications including websites for marketing purposes, tracking and tracing tools, information gathering, procurement, order entry and credit management. With the use of technology, companies even have the possibility of automating the logistics system; â€Å"a customer’s order can be generated automatically, transmitted via electronic data interchange (EDI) to a supplier’s computer, which then directs the required amount of the needed product be pulled automatically from the warehouse and shipped to the customer† (Gourdin, 2001, p.13). Furthermore, Gourdin (p.14) states that technology makes processes â€Å"without human intervention and with virtually no waiting time.† In addition, Internet and electronic-commerce are also important factors in developing the logistics system. The Internet has quickly become the easiest method for supplying information for both companies and customers. It has also become the choice of transmission device for exchanging forecasts, orders, inventory status, products updates and shipment information. Logistics is an important element in the field of electronic-commerce because firms have to reassess their logistics systems to make sure that their clients can get their products in an expeditious manner. Globalization, on the other hand, has also hastened the growth of logistics, especially in the areas of national, political and economic settings. Global operations need information technology integration to route orders and manage inventory requirements around the world and will need alliances that are essential in international commerce. This is also essential in providing market access and expertise to reduce the inherent risks of global operations associated with distance, demand, diversity, and documentation of international commerce. What role did transportation play in the economic development of the United States? Is this role of transportation still important today? The role that transportation played in the economic development of the United States economy was immense. The transportation revolution in the first decade of the 19th century halted the western isolation, during the period wherein United States experienced an economic growth known as â€Å"Era of Good Feelings†. During the 1800s, natural waterways were the only trade route for the Americans. After a century and with years of development, railroads and tracks were established. In the late 1920s, regional airlines opened and began regular operations for scheduled passenger flights. By the dawn of 1960s, the introduction of transportation through containers changed the way freights were traveled towards different countries and around the globe. Improvements and innovations in the transportation system developed through the years. Having a good transportation system meant economic and social opportunities for the people and such opportunities are later transmitted to benefits that are reflected in the economy. Transportation is a very visible element of logistics. The economy is largely dependent on the state of transportation in every nation. As such, without a reliable system of transportation, most commercial activities could not function. In the United States alone, more than 60 percent of total logistic cost is related to transportation services. Efficient transportation systems render economic and social opportunities that could benefit the society and give people the opportunity to penetrate into larger markets and also save time and costs. Mobility and the development of a good system of transportation have already created numerous opportunities to the people in the United States that were later translated to economic benefits by generating employment and boosting the national income. The transportation sector alone provided jobs for about 7.5 percent of the American workforce. With the development of the country’s infrastructure, the transportation system and its services must also be supported and maintained. For example, the federal government, through the taxes paid by the people, must allot funds to build and maintain railroad tracks, roads, bridges and highways. The transportation system in the United States has indeed developed over the years. People are now equipped with a number of alternatives of transportation methods to choose from that they find the most effective in terms of their necessities. However, even with these developments, people have not yet stopped on devising new transportation methods that will better cater the needs of the people in the future. Technology plays an important role in the transportation system. People rely on technology in order to enhance the efficiency of the existing transportation system. References Ballou, D. H. (1999). Business Logistics/Supply Chain Management. New Jersey: Pearson Education. Bowersox, D. J., Closs, D. J., Cooper, M. B. (2007). Supply Chain Logistics Management. New York: McGraw Hill International. Coyle, J. J., Bardi, E. J., Novack, R. A. (2005). Transportation. Ohio: Thomson South-Western. Gourdin, K. N. (2001). Global Logistics Management. Boston: Blackwell Publishing. Williams, A. ( 2001). The Role of Logistics in Internet Commerce. Retrieved August 08, 2008, from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3766/is_200110/ai_n8958764/pg_1?tag=artBody;col1

The key personal features needed Essay Example for Free

The key personal features needed Essay CASE STUDY: Laurie and Joe want to open up a hairdressing salon. They have had previous experience running and managing a shop and now they want to run their own business. Write a report discussing the key personal features needed, suitable establishment options for Laurie and Joe and finance options they should take into account. Key personal features: To ensure success when establishing a business, laurie and joe need have the three key personal qualities – entrepreneurship, personal qualities (motivation, experience, expectation) and other influences (cultural background, gender). Entrepreneurship: As an entrepreneur, the basic qualities required are to be: Assertive, Determined, Very organised and responsible, Willing to take risks, Good with people, A good leader, Motivated, Dedicated, Confident, Realistic, Healthy, Resilient Laurie and joe must have a desire to succeed and have drive and energy which relates to the personal qualities of a person. A person wanting to establish their own business needs to have motivation, experience and expectation. Personal Qualitities: Motivation: Motivation refers to your personal drive, determination and desire to achieve a goal or objective, in this case setting up a business. There are several reasons for why people start up their own business but it is usually due to: Having independence and being your own boss Choosing the location and fellow employees Gaining more control over own destiny and increasing personal wealth Having something to leave to family Accepting a challenge Security Experience: An experienced person would have: Knowledge of the product and service being entered Skills in management such as communication, ER, accounting and finance, marketing and operations Organizational and customer service skills. It would be best if Laurie and Joe satisfied these requirements in order to have the best chance at a successful business. Expectation: Expectation relates to the person’s level of ambition and self confidence. Someone with high expectations will have a vision for the future of the business. Some expectations that Laurie and Joe should have include: Financial rewards Independence Success Role as the boss Security of future employment Opportunity to use skills Other influences: Other influences include cultural background and gender. For laurie and joe, cultural background would not be a big factor for the success of their business as they want to open a hairdressing business. With gender, Laurie and Joe would just have to consider if they will be open to both genders and if customers would allow the opposite gender cut their hair. Suitable establishment options: Before setting up their own business, laurie and joe must choose one of three establishment options – starting from scratch, buying an existing business or buying a franchise. There are advantages and disadvantages for all three options so Laurie and Joe must pick the one most suitable for a hairdressing business. Starting from Scratch: Starting a business from scratch usually only occurs when: A new product is being introduced on to the market Existing businesses aren’t meeting customer needs There is a large demand and the market is growing. If these circumstances don’t exist, it would be more difficult to start from scratch. However as Laurie wouldn’t be providing a new product, only the last two circumstances would need to be considered. Although it can be difficult to start a business from scratch, there are some advantages: The owner has the freedom to set up the business the way they wish If funds are limited you can start on a small scale There is no goodwill to pay for The owner can determine the growth of the business The owner can choose the location However, as noted above, there are some disadvantages when starting from scratch such as: Time is needed to develop a customer base, employ staff and develop lines of credit from suppliers Profit levels could be low at start up and the business could have liquidity problems There is a high risk of failure and a measure of uncertainty Finances could be hard to obtain As Laurie and Joe want to establish a hairdressing business, it is recommended that they choose to start from scratch as it would be most suited for their needs. Buying an existing business An existing business may be purchased instead of starting from scratch as it may already be a successful business and would have an established customer base, employees, equipment and location. Although there are a few advantages, there are also disadvantages when it comes to buying an existing business. Advantages: Sales to existing customers will bring in automatic income The inventory and supply networks are set up Equipment is available for immediate use Employees could be a good source of advice Previous business owner could provide training and advice If the business had been successful it could be easier to obtain finances Disadvantages: Some employees may resent any changes to the business operation The existing business could have had a poor reputation within the community The value of the goodwill could make the business overpriced Assets could be old and overvalued The location can’t be changed and the existing layout may be difficult to change For Laurie and Joe, buying an existing business would be the most suitable†¦. Buying a franchise: A franchise is license by a parent company to an individual to operate the parent company’s business on their behalf. The franchises make up a chain of businesses under the parent companies name. a franchisor is the large organization and a franchisee is the individual(s) that operates the business on behalf of the company. Finance Options: Laurie and Joe have two options when it comes to how to finance the establishment of the business. The two options are owner’s equity and debt finance. Critical issues in business success and failure: When Laurie and Joe first start their business, there are five critical issues to be aware of. They are: Having a business plan Identifying and sustaining competitive advantage Using technology Avoiding overextension of finance Managing cash flow While most small business fail in the first couple of years, careful attention to these critical issues will help the business to succeed. Having a business plan A business plan is the blueprint for future growth and development within a business. It sets out the desired goals and strategies to direct the business. A business plan is essential to long-term success and must be followed. It should also be modified when there are changes in: Technology The competition The economy The customer’s needs When setting up a business plan, Laurie and Joe would need to consider the prime function of the business, the mission statement, plans and strategies and budgeting. Laurie and Joe should also include why they want to establish the business, the goals they wish to achieve, the steps necessary to achieve their goals and the time frame in which the steps and goals should be achieved. Identifying and sustaining competitive advantage Sustainable competitive advantage refers to the ability of a business to develop strategies that will ensure it has an ‘edge’ over its competitors for a long period of time. To have a sustainable competitive advantage Laurie and Joe would need to think about pricing (higher or lower than competitors, prestige pricing), quality, value (a good price for the quality of product/service) and the features of their product or service. Laurie and Joe would be best off charging the same price as competitors but provide a better quality service and hair products. Laurie and Joe could also think about using the differentiation strategy in which they would offer customers something that is not already offered by competitors. Use of technology Technology is having many effects on businesses and the advancements and changing technology are allowing business to advertise and communicate to customers in more convenient ways. As Laurie and Joe are setting up a hairdressing business, technology wouldn’t be a big factor. A hairdressing business wouldn’t rely on internet applications such as e-commerce and most likely wouldn’t even have a website. The only technologies a hairdressing business would require are EFTPOS machines so that customers don’t have to pay cash which therefore widens the customer base. Avoiding overextension of financing and other resources Overextension of financing and other resources refers to when business owners go over the budget and spending money on resources which are usually financed by external sources such as banks. To avoid overextension of financing and other resources, Laurie and Joe need to pay close attention to gearing, equipment/furniture/stock and budget. Gearing refers to the proportion of debt and equity finance that a business uses to finance its activities. If a business is highly geared then there is a high level of debt resulting in a greater risk. Therefore it would be best for Laurie and Joe’s business to have low gearing, so more equity than debt.